Convert Russian Ruble (RUB) to East Caribbean Dollar (XCD)

1 russian_ruble = 1 russian_ruble

Exchange rates last updated: June 22, 2025 17:00

Conversion Formula for Russian Ruble to East Caribbean Dollar

The formula of conversion of Russian Ruble to East Caribbean Dollar is very simple. To convert Russian Ruble to East Caribbean Dollar, we can use this simple formula:

1 Russian Ruble = 29.0163916229 East Caribbean Dollar

1 East Caribbean Dollar = 0.034463279 Russian Ruble

One Russian Ruble is equal to 29.0163916229 East Caribbean Dollar. So, we need to multiply the number of Russian Ruble by 29.0163916229 to get the no of East Caribbean Dollar. This formula helps when we need to change the measurements from Russian Ruble to East Caribbean Dollar

Russian Ruble to East Caribbean Dollar Conversion

The conversion of Russian Ruble currency to Russian Ruble currency is very simple. Since, as discussed above, One Russian Ruble is equal to 29.0163916229 East Caribbean Dollar. So, to convert Russian Ruble to East Caribbean Dollar, we must multiply no of Russian Ruble to 29.0163916229. Example:-

Russian Ruble East Caribbean Dollar
0.01 Russian Ruble 0.2901639162 East Caribbean Dollar
0.1 Russian Ruble 2.9016391623 East Caribbean Dollar
1 Russian Ruble 29.0163916229 East Caribbean Dollar
2 Russian Ruble 58.0327832458 East Caribbean Dollar
3 Russian Ruble 87.0491748686 East Caribbean Dollar
5 Russian Ruble 145.0819581144 East Caribbean Dollar
10 Russian Ruble 290.1639162288 East Caribbean Dollar
20 Russian Ruble 580.3278324576 East Caribbean Dollar
50 Russian Ruble 1,450.8195811441 East Caribbean Dollar
100 Russian Ruble 2,901.6391622882 East Caribbean Dollar
500 Russian Ruble 14,508.1958114408 East Caribbean Dollar
1,000 Russian Ruble 29,016.3916228817 East Caribbean Dollar

Details for Russian Ruble (RUB) Currency

Introduction : The Russian Ruble (RUB), symbolized as '₽', is the official currency of the Russian Federation. It plays a fundamental role in the daily life of Russia's citizens and is the primary medium for all economic transactions, including retail, business, and governmental operations. Managed and issued by the Central Bank of Russia, the ruble is subdivided into 100 kopeks. It is available in both coin and banknote forms, featuring iconic Russian landmarks and historical figures. The ruble stands as a symbol of national identity and economic autonomy, reflecting Russia's stature as a global power with a large and diversified economy.

History & Origin : The ruble has a long and storied history, tracing its origins back to the 13th century when it was used as a unit of weight for silver in Kievan Rus. It became a recognized currency in the 14th century and has since evolved through many political changes. During the Imperial period, it was one of the world's strongest currencies. Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Soviet ruble replaced the imperial version. After the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the modern Russian ruble was introduced and has undergone several redenominations and reforms. The most recent was in 1998, following a financial crisis that led to a major devaluation. Since then, the ruble has been stabilized and remains the backbone of Russia's monetary system.

Current Use : The Russian Ruble is used for all financial transactions across Russia, from small everyday purchases to large-scale industrial operations. It is also used in several Russian-aligned regions and is sometimes accepted in neighboring countries with close economic ties. The ruble is an integral part of Russia’s energy-driven economy, with oil and gas exports often priced in rubles under certain trade agreements. Despite international sanctions and economic challenges, the ruble continues to circulate robustly within the domestic market. Russia has increased efforts to digitize its financial system, introducing a digital ruble pilot to modernize payments and reduce reliance on foreign currencies.

Details of Russia

Russia, officially known as the Russian Federation, is the largest country in the world by land area, stretching across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Spanning eleven time zones and covering a diverse range of landscapes, from tundra and forests to mountains and steppes, Russia is home to over 140 million people. Its capital, Moscow, is a major cultural, political, and economic center, while other key cities like Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, and Yekaterinburg play vital roles in national development.

Historically, Russia has a rich cultural and imperial legacy. It rose to prominence as the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century and later became a major global empire. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, it became the central republic of the Soviet Union, which played a crucial role in global affairs during the 20th century. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 led to the modern Russian Federation. Since then, Russia has undergone significant political and economic transformations, striving to balance modernization with its traditional geopolitical stance.

Economically, Russia is a resource-rich country, possessing vast reserves of oil, natural gas, coal, and precious metals. It is one of the world's leading energy exporters, and its economy is heavily influenced by global commodity prices. In addition to its resource-based economy, Russia has robust industrial, agricultural, and technological sectors. The country is also known for its achievements in science, space exploration, literature, and classical music. Despite facing international sanctions and internal economic challenges, Russia continues to assert itself as a major global player, with significant influence in geopolitical and economic affairs across Eurasia and beyond.

Details for East Caribbean Dollar (XCD) Currency

Introduction : The East Caribbean Dollar (XCD), symbolized by $, is the official currency of eight members of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). These include Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, as well as the British overseas territories of Anguilla and Montserrat. Issued and regulated by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB), the XCD plays a vital role in supporting regional economic integration and financial stability. It is pegged to the US dollar, which helps provide predictability in international trade and confidence in monetary policy across the Eastern Caribbean.

History & Origin : The East Caribbean Dollar was introduced in 1965, replacing the British West Indies dollar at par. It was designed to unify the currency systems of multiple Eastern Caribbean nations and territories, fostering economic cooperation following decolonization. In 1983, the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) was established to oversee monetary policy, currency issuance, and financial regulation for the region. The ECCB succeeded the Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority and strengthened the region’s commitment to shared financial governance. Over time, the XCD has maintained a stable exchange rate, particularly through its fixed peg to the US dollar at 2.70 XCD to 1 USD since 1976.

Current Use : The East Caribbean Dollar is used for all transactions across member states of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union. It is the primary medium of exchange for wages, public sector payments, retail commerce, and banking. Banknotes and coins circulate freely across member nations, allowing seamless cross-border trade and tourism. The fixed exchange rate with the US dollar provides macroeconomic stability, especially crucial for these tourism-dependent economies. The ECCB plays a proactive role in promoting digital payment systems, modern banking practices, and financial literacy. The XCD is integral to regional development, enabling coordinated monetary policy across sovereign and non-sovereign territories.

Details of Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU)

The Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) is a unique monetary alliance comprising eight members: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Anguilla, and Montserrat. These countries and territories form part of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and share a common currency—the East Caribbean Dollar (XCD)—and a central monetary authority, the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB), headquartered in Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.

The ECCU region is known for its picturesque island landscapes, crystal-clear waters, and rich cultural heritage. Tourism is a major economic driver, along with agriculture, light manufacturing, and offshore financial services. Despite being small island economies, ECCU members have demonstrated a strong commitment to regional cooperation, which enhances their collective resilience to external economic shocks.

The ECCB not only oversees monetary policy but also plays an active role in promoting fiscal responsibility, economic growth, and financial inclusion. It is among the most stable central banking systems in the Caribbean. Through shared financial governance and policy coordination, member states benefit from a stable currency, controlled inflation, and improved access to international markets.

Each ECCU member maintains political independence but cooperates closely in economic and financial matters. The region’s shared goals include sustainable development, climate resilience, and economic diversification. Many countries within the union have made strides in digital transformation and green energy initiatives, reflecting their adaptability and long-term planning.

With a population that values community, culture, and progress, the ECCU continues to evolve as a model of regional integration. The use of a single currency and centralized banking authority allows for enhanced unity, economic security, and the efficient mobilization of shared resources for the benefit of all member states.

Convert Russian Ruble to Other Currencies

Russian Ruble to United Arab Emirates DirhamUnited Arab Emirates Dirham to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Afghan AfghaniAfghan Afghani to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Albanian LekAlbanian Lek to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Armenian DramArmenian Dram to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Netherlands Antillean GuilderNetherlands Antillean Guilder to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Angolan KwanzaAngolan Kwanza to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Argentine PesoArgentine Peso to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Australian DollarAustralian Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Aruban FlorinAruban Florin to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Azerbaijani ManatAzerbaijani Manat to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Bosnia Herzegovina Convertible MarkBosnia Herzegovina Convertible Mark to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Barbadian DollarBarbadian Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Bangladeshi TakaBangladeshi Taka to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Bulgarian LevBulgarian Lev to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Bahraini DinarBahraini Dinar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Burundian FrancBurundian Franc to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Bermudan DollarBermudan Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Brunei DollarBrunei Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Bolivian BolivianoBolivian Boliviano to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Brazilian RealBrazilian Real to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Bahamian DollarBahamian Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Bhutanese NgultrumBhutanese Ngultrum to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Botswanan PulaBotswanan Pula to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Belarusian RubleBelarusian Ruble to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Belize DollarBelize Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Canadian DollarCanadian Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Congolese FrancCongolese Franc to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Swiss FrancSwiss Franc to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Chilean Unit Of Account UfChilean Unit Of Account Uf to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Chilean PesoChilean Peso to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Chinese Yuan OffshoreChinese Yuan Offshore to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Chinese YuanChinese Yuan to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Colombian PesoColombian Peso to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Costa Rican ColonCosta Rican Colon to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Cuban Convertible PesoCuban Convertible Peso to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Cuban PesoCuban Peso to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Cape Verdean EscudoCape Verdean Escudo to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Czech Republic KorunaCzech Republic Koruna to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Djiboutian FrancDjiboutian Franc to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Danish KroneDanish Krone to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Dominican PesoDominican Peso to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Algerian DinarAlgerian Dinar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Egyptian PoundEgyptian Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Eritrean NakfaEritrean Nakfa to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Ethiopian BirrEthiopian Birr to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to EuroEuro to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Fijian DollarFijian Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Falkland Islands PoundFalkland Islands Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to British Pound SterlingBritish Pound Sterling to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Georgian LariGeorgian Lari to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Guernsey PoundGuernsey Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Ghanaian CediGhanaian Cedi to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Gibraltar PoundGibraltar Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Gambian DalasiGambian Dalasi to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Guinean FrancGuinean Franc to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Guatemalan QuetzalGuatemalan Quetzal to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Guyanaese DollarGuyanaese Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Hong Kong DollarHong Kong Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Honduran LempiraHonduran Lempira to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Haitian GourdeHaitian Gourde to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Hungarian ForintHungarian Forint to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Indonesian RupiahIndonesian Rupiah to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Israeli New SheqelIsraeli New Sheqel to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Manx PoundManx Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Indian RupeeIndian Rupee to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Iraqi DinarIraqi Dinar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Iranian RialIranian Rial to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Icelandic KronaIcelandic Krona to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Jersey PoundJersey Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Jamaican DollarJamaican Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Jordanian DinarJordanian Dinar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Japanese YenJapanese Yen to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Kenyan ShillingKenyan Shilling to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Kyrgystani SomKyrgystani Som to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Cambodian RielCambodian Riel to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Comorian FrancComorian Franc to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to North Korean WonNorth Korean Won to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to South Korean WonSouth Korean Won to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Kuwaiti DinarKuwaiti Dinar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Cayman Islands DollarCayman Islands Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Kazakhstani TengeKazakhstani Tenge to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Laotian KipLaotian Kip to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Lebanese PoundLebanese Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Sri Lankan RupeeSri Lankan Rupee to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Liberian DollarLiberian Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Lesotho LotiLesotho Loti to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Libyan DinarLibyan Dinar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Moroccan DirhamMoroccan Dirham to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Moldovan LeuMoldovan Leu to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Malagasy AriaryMalagasy Ariary to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Macedonian DenarMacedonian Denar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Myanma KyatMyanma Kyat to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Mongolian TugrikMongolian Tugrik to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Macanese PatacaMacanese Pataca to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Mauritanian OuguiyaMauritanian Ouguiya to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Mauritian RupeeMauritian Rupee to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Maldivian RufiyaaMaldivian Rufiyaa to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Malawian KwachaMalawian Kwacha to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Mexican PesoMexican Peso to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Malaysian RinggitMalaysian Ringgit to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Mozambican MeticalMozambican Metical to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Namibian DollarNamibian Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Nigerian NairaNigerian Naira to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Nicaraguan CordobaNicaraguan Cordoba to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Norwegian KroneNorwegian Krone to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Nepalese RupeeNepalese Rupee to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to New Zealand DollarNew Zealand Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Omani RialOmani Rial to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Panamanian BalboaPanamanian Balboa to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Peruvian Nuevo SolPeruvian Nuevo Sol to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Papua New Guinean KinaPapua New Guinean Kina to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Philippine PesoPhilippine Peso to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Pakistani RupeePakistani Rupee to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Polish ZlotyPolish Zloty to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Paraguayan GuaraniParaguayan Guarani to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Qatari RialQatari Rial to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Romanian LeuRomanian Leu to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Serbian DinarSerbian Dinar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Rwandan FrancRwandan Franc to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Saudi RiyalSaudi Riyal to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Solomon Islands DollarSolomon Islands Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Seychellois RupeeSeychellois Rupee to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Sudanese PoundSudanese Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Swedish KronaSwedish Krona to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Singapore DollarSingapore Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Saint Helena PoundSaint Helena Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Sierra Leonean LeoneSierra Leonean Leone to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Somali ShillingSomali Shilling to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Surinamese DollarSurinamese Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to South Sudanese PoundSouth Sudanese Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Sao Tome And Principe DobraSao Tome And Principe Dobra to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Salvadoran ColonSalvadoran Colon to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Syrian PoundSyrian Pound to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Swazi LilangeniSwazi Lilangeni to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Thai BahtThai Baht to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Tajikistani SomoniTajikistani Somoni to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Turkmenistani ManatTurkmenistani Manat to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Tunisian DinarTunisian Dinar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Tongan PaangaTongan Paanga to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Turkish LiraTurkish Lira to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Trinidad And Tobago DollarTrinidad And Tobago Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to New Taiwan DollarNew Taiwan Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Tanzanian ShillingTanzanian Shilling to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Ukrainian HryvniaUkrainian Hryvnia to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Ugandan ShillingUgandan Shilling to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to United States DollarUnited States Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Uruguayan PesoUruguayan Peso to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Uzbekistan SomUzbekistan Som to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Venezuelan Bolivar SoberanoVenezuelan Bolivar Soberano to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Vietnamese DongVietnamese Dong to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Vanuatu VatuVanuatu Vatu to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Samoan TalaSamoan Tala to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Cfa Franc BeacCfa Franc Beac to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Silver Troy OunceSilver Troy Ounce to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Gold Troy OunceGold Troy Ounce to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to East Caribbean DollarEast Caribbean Dollar to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Special Drawing RightsSpecial Drawing Rights to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Cfa Franc BceaoCfa Franc Bceao to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Palladium OuncePalladium Ounce to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Cfp FrancCfp Franc to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Platinum OuncePlatinum Ounce to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Yemeni RialYemeni Rial to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to South African RandSouth African Rand to Russian Ruble
Russian Ruble to Zambian KwachaZambian Kwacha to Russian Ruble

FAQ on Russian Ruble (RUB) to East Caribbean Dollar (XCD) Conversion:

What is the Symbol of Russian Ruble and East Caribbean Dollar?

The symbol for Russian Ruble is '₽', and for East Caribbean Dollars, it is '$'. These symbols are used to denote in everyday currency analysis.

How to convert Russian Ruble(s) to East Caribbean Dollar(es)?

To convert Russian Ruble(s) to East Caribbean Dollar(es), multiply the number of Russian Rubles by 29.016391622882 because one Russian Ruble equals 29.016391622882 East Caribbean Dollars.
Formula: East Caribbean Dollars = Russian Rubles × 29.016391622882.
This is a standard rule used in conversions.

How to convert East Caribbean Dollar(es) to Russian Ruble(s) ?

To convert East Caribbean Dollar(es) to Russian Ruble(s), divide the number of East Caribbean Dollars by 29.016391622882, since, 1 Russian Ruble contains exactly 29.016391622882 East Caribbean Dollar(es).
Formula: Russian Rubles = East Caribbean Dollar(s) ÷ 29.016391622882.
It’s a common calculation in conversions.

How many Russian Ruble(s) are these in an East Caribbean Dollar(es) ?

There are 0.034463278997497 Russian Rubles in one East Caribbean Dollar. This is derived by dividing 1 East Caribbean Dollar by 29.016391622882, as 1 Russian Ruble equals 29.016391622882 East Caribbean Dollar(s).
Formula: Russian Ruble = East Caribbean Dollars ÷ 29.016391622882.
It’s a precise currency conversion method.

How many East Caribbean Dollar(es) are these in an Russian Ruble(s) ?

There are exactly 29.016391622882 East Caribbean Dollars in one Russian Ruble. This is a fixed value used in the measurement system.
Formula: East Caribbean Dollar(s) = Russian Rubles × 29.016391622882.
It's one of the most basic conversions.

How many East Caribbean Dollar in 10 Russian Ruble?

There are 290.16391622882 East Caribbean Dollars in 10 Russian Rubles. This is calculated by multiplying 10 by 29.016391622882.
Formula: 10 Russian Rubles × 29.016391622882 = 290.16391622882 East Caribbean Dollars.
This conversion is helpful for measurements.

How many East Caribbean Dollar(s) in 50 Russian Ruble?

There are 1450.8195811441 East Caribbean Dollars in 50 Russian Rubles. One can calculate it by multiplying 50 by 29.016391622882.
Formula: 50 Russian Rubles × 29.016391622882 = 1450.8195811441 East Caribbean Dollars.
This conversion is used in many applications.

How many East Caribbean Dollar(s) in 100 Russian Ruble?

There are 2901.6391622882 East Caribbean Dollar(s) in 100 Russian Rubles. Multiply 100 by 29.016391622882 to get the result.
Formula: 100 Russian Rubles × 29.016391622882 = 2901.6391622882 East Caribbean Dollar(s).
This is a basic currency conversion formula.