Convert Botswanan Pula (BWP) to Manx Pound (IMP)

1 botswanan_pula = 1 botswanan_pula

Exchange rates last updated: February 11, 2026 13:00

Conversion Formula for Botswanan Pula to Manx Pound

The formula of conversion of Botswanan Pula to Manx Pound is very simple. To convert Botswanan Pula to Manx Pound, we can use this simple formula:

1 Botswanan Pula = 17.9292652894 Manx Pound

1 Manx Pound = 0.0557747339 Botswanan Pula

One Botswanan Pula is equal to 17.9292652894 Manx Pound. So, we need to multiply the number of Botswanan Pula by 17.9292652894 to get the no of Manx Pound. This formula helps when we need to change the measurements from Botswanan Pula to Manx Pound

Botswanan Pula to Manx Pound Conversion

The conversion of Botswanan Pula currency to Manx Pound currency is very simple. Since, as discussed above, One Botswanan Pula is equal to 17.9292652894 Manx Pound. So, to convert Botswanan Pula to Manx Pound, we must multiply no of Botswanan Pula to 17.9292652894. Example:-

Botswanan Pula Manx Pound
0.01 Botswanan Pula 0.1792926529 Manx Pound
0.1 Botswanan Pula 1.7929265289 Manx Pound
1 Botswanan Pula 17.9292652894 Manx Pound
2 Botswanan Pula 35.8585305787 Manx Pound
3 Botswanan Pula 53.7877958681 Manx Pound
5 Botswanan Pula 89.6463264468 Manx Pound
10 Botswanan Pula 179.2926528937 Manx Pound
20 Botswanan Pula 358.5853057874 Manx Pound
50 Botswanan Pula 896.4632644685 Manx Pound
100 Botswanan Pula 1,792.9265289369 Manx Pound
500 Botswanan Pula 8,964.6326446846 Manx Pound
1,000 Botswanan Pula 17,929.2652893693 Manx Pound

Details for Botswanan Pula (BWP) Currency

Introduction : The Botswanan Pula (P) is the official currency of Botswana and stands as a symbol of pride and national strength. Its name, 'Pula', means 'rain' in Setswana—a fitting title in a country where rain is considered a blessing due to its arid climate. The currency is issued and regulated by the Bank of Botswana, and is subdivided into 100 thebe, meaning 'shield'. Known for its stability in the African region, the Pula has earned international respect as a reflection of Botswana’s sound fiscal and monetary policies, and continues to support the country’s diversified and growing economy.

History & Origin : The Botswanan Pula was introduced in 1976, replacing the South African Rand, shortly after Botswana gained independence in 1966. This move marked an important step toward economic independence and sovereignty. At its launch, the Pula was pegged to the U.S. Dollar but later switched to a managed float system against a basket of currencies. Over the years, the Bank of Botswana has taken a conservative approach to monetary policy, helping the Pula remain relatively stable compared to other African currencies. The Pula's introduction coincided with Botswana's economic rise, especially through diamond exports, which helped cement its global credibility.

Current Use : The Pula is used across Botswana for all economic transactions, from local markets to international trade. It is accepted for everything from daily necessities to large-scale business operations. Its strength has made it one of the most stable currencies in Africa, attracting investors and ensuring smooth economic interactions. In addition to physical cash, the Pula is integrated into digital platforms and banking systems, allowing for seamless mobile payments and electronic transfers. The currency plays a crucial role in supporting Botswana’s economy, which includes mining, tourism, agriculture, and increasingly, services. The Pula remains a key instrument in sustaining Botswana’s development and financial integrity.

Details of Botswana

Botswana is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa, bordered by Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and South Africa. Renowned for its political stability, democratic governance, and low corruption levels, Botswana has emerged as one of Africa’s most successful development stories. The capital city, Gaborone, serves as the administrative and economic hub, while the vast landscapes range from the arid Kalahari Desert to the lush Okavango Delta, one of the world’s largest inland deltas and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Since gaining independence from Britain in 1966, Botswana has maintained a stable democratic system. Its government has implemented prudent economic policies, allowing it to transform from one of the poorest nations in the world to a middle-income country. Much of its economic success is attributed to the discovery of diamonds shortly after independence, which the government wisely managed in partnership with the private sector, especially through the Debswana diamond company.

Botswana’s economy is heavily based on mining, particularly diamonds, but efforts have been made to diversify into sectors like tourism, agriculture, and financial services. The country’s tourism industry is thriving, attracting nature lovers and eco-tourists with its pristine game reserves and national parks, including Chobe National Park and the Central Kalahari Game Reserve.

The population of Botswana is relatively small, with most citizens belonging to the Tswana ethnic group. English is the official language, while Setswana is widely spoken and deeply embedded in the country’s cultural identity. Education and healthcare have seen significant improvement due to government investment, and the nation continues to promote sustainable development. With a firm foundation in democratic values, environmental stewardship, and economic foresight, Botswana stands out as a model for progress in the African continent.

Details for Manx Pound (IMP) Currency

Introduction : The Manx Pound (IMP) is the official currency of the Isle of Man, a self-governing British Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea. It is pegged at par with the British Pound Sterling (GBP) and is used interchangeably within the island. The Manx Pound shares the same symbol (£) and is issued in similar denominations, but features distinct Manx-themed designs. While not legal tender in the United Kingdom, it is widely accepted across the Isle of Man for all transactions, including government services, retail, and banking. The currency highlights the island's unique identity while maintaining strong economic ties with the UK.

History & Origin : The history of the Manx Pound dates back centuries, with early records of currency usage on the Isle of Man emerging in the 17th century. Initially, various forms of British and foreign coins circulated, but in 1839, the island officially adopted British currency. In 1961, the Isle of Man began issuing its own coins, and later, banknotes followed under the authority of the Isle of Man Government. Despite being pegged 1:1 to the British Pound, the Manx Pound features distinct imagery showcasing Manx culture and history. The introduction of the Manx Pound served as a statement of autonomy while still preserving economic integration with the UK.

Current Use : The Manx Pound is used exclusively on the Isle of Man for everyday transactions, including shopping, public services, and business dealings. All banks and ATMs on the island issue Manx currency, and it is accepted by all local vendors and institutions. British Pounds are also accepted interchangeably, although the reverse is not true—Manx currency is not accepted in the UK mainland. The dual-acceptance system offers convenience while highlighting the island’s independent governance. The currency's visually rich designs, which include local wildlife, historical figures, and landmarks, foster a strong sense of regional pride and cultural awareness.

Details of Isle of Man

The Isle of Man is a self-governing British Crown Dependency located in the Irish Sea between Great Britain and Ireland. Although not part of the United Kingdom, it maintains a close constitutional relationship with it. The island has its own parliament, known as the Tynwald, which is one of the oldest continuous parliaments in the world, dating back over 1,000 years.

With a population of around 85,000 people, the Isle of Man is known for its unique blend of Celtic and Norse heritage. The native Manx language, although not widely spoken, is a key part of the island's identity and cultural preservation efforts. English remains the predominant language used for daily communication, education, and government affairs.

The island boasts a diverse economy, with major sectors including financial services, tourism, information technology, and manufacturing. Its favorable tax regime has attracted numerous international businesses, making it a well-regarded offshore financial center. Tourism thrives especially during the world-famous Isle of Man TT motorcycle races, drawing thousands of visitors each year.

Scenic beauty is abundant on the island, featuring rugged coastlines, rolling hills, and medieval castles. Outdoor enthusiasts enjoy hiking, cycling, and wildlife watching. The Isle of Man is also home to a variety of museums and heritage centers that celebrate its rich history and traditions.

The Isle of Man is not a member of the European Union, and it manages its own domestic affairs independently. However, it relies on the UK for defense and international representation. Its political stability, high quality of life, and unique cultural identity make it a distinctive and respected jurisdiction in both the British Isles and the global community.

Convert Botswanan Pula to Other Currencies

Botswanan Pula to United Arab Emirates DirhamUnited Arab Emirates Dirham to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Afghan AfghaniAfghan Afghani to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Albanian LekAlbanian Lek to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Armenian DramArmenian Dram to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Netherlands Antillean GuilderNetherlands Antillean Guilder to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Angolan KwanzaAngolan Kwanza to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Argentine PesoArgentine Peso to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Australian DollarAustralian Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Aruban FlorinAruban Florin to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Azerbaijani ManatAzerbaijani Manat to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Bosnia Herzegovina Convertible MarkBosnia Herzegovina Convertible Mark to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Barbadian DollarBarbadian Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Bangladeshi TakaBangladeshi Taka to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Bulgarian LevBulgarian Lev to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Bahraini DinarBahraini Dinar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Burundian FrancBurundian Franc to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Bermudan DollarBermudan Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Brunei DollarBrunei Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Bolivian BolivianoBolivian Boliviano to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Brazilian RealBrazilian Real to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Bahamian DollarBahamian Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Bhutanese NgultrumBhutanese Ngultrum to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Belarusian RubleBelarusian Ruble to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Belize DollarBelize Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Canadian DollarCanadian Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Congolese FrancCongolese Franc to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Swiss FrancSwiss Franc to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Chilean Unit Of Account UfChilean Unit Of Account Uf to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Chilean PesoChilean Peso to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Chinese Yuan OffshoreChinese Yuan Offshore to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Chinese YuanChinese Yuan to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Colombian PesoColombian Peso to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Costa Rican ColonCosta Rican Colon to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Cuban Convertible PesoCuban Convertible Peso to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Cuban PesoCuban Peso to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Cape Verdean EscudoCape Verdean Escudo to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Czech Republic KorunaCzech Republic Koruna to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Djiboutian FrancDjiboutian Franc to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Danish KroneDanish Krone to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Dominican PesoDominican Peso to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Algerian DinarAlgerian Dinar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Egyptian PoundEgyptian Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Eritrean NakfaEritrean Nakfa to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Ethiopian BirrEthiopian Birr to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to EuroEuro to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Fijian DollarFijian Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Falkland Islands PoundFalkland Islands Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to British Pound SterlingBritish Pound Sterling to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Georgian LariGeorgian Lari to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Guernsey PoundGuernsey Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Ghanaian CediGhanaian Cedi to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Gibraltar PoundGibraltar Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Gambian DalasiGambian Dalasi to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Guinean FrancGuinean Franc to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Guatemalan QuetzalGuatemalan Quetzal to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Guyanaese DollarGuyanaese Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Hong Kong DollarHong Kong Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Honduran LempiraHonduran Lempira to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Haitian GourdeHaitian Gourde to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Hungarian ForintHungarian Forint to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Indonesian RupiahIndonesian Rupiah to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Israeli New SheqelIsraeli New Sheqel to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Manx PoundManx Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Indian RupeeIndian Rupee to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Iraqi DinarIraqi Dinar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Iranian RialIranian Rial to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Icelandic KronaIcelandic Krona to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Jersey PoundJersey Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Jamaican DollarJamaican Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Jordanian DinarJordanian Dinar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Japanese YenJapanese Yen to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Kenyan ShillingKenyan Shilling to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Kyrgystani SomKyrgystani Som to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Cambodian RielCambodian Riel to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Comorian FrancComorian Franc to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to North Korean WonNorth Korean Won to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to South Korean WonSouth Korean Won to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Kuwaiti DinarKuwaiti Dinar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Cayman Islands DollarCayman Islands Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Kazakhstani TengeKazakhstani Tenge to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Laotian KipLaotian Kip to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Lebanese PoundLebanese Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Sri Lankan RupeeSri Lankan Rupee to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Liberian DollarLiberian Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Lesotho LotiLesotho Loti to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Libyan DinarLibyan Dinar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Moroccan DirhamMoroccan Dirham to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Moldovan LeuMoldovan Leu to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Malagasy AriaryMalagasy Ariary to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Macedonian DenarMacedonian Denar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Myanma KyatMyanma Kyat to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Mongolian TugrikMongolian Tugrik to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Macanese PatacaMacanese Pataca to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Mauritanian OuguiyaMauritanian Ouguiya to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Mauritian RupeeMauritian Rupee to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Maldivian RufiyaaMaldivian Rufiyaa to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Malawian KwachaMalawian Kwacha to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Mexican PesoMexican Peso to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Malaysian RinggitMalaysian Ringgit to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Mozambican MeticalMozambican Metical to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Namibian DollarNamibian Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Nigerian NairaNigerian Naira to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Nicaraguan CordobaNicaraguan Cordoba to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Norwegian KroneNorwegian Krone to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Nepalese RupeeNepalese Rupee to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to New Zealand DollarNew Zealand Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Omani RialOmani Rial to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Panamanian BalboaPanamanian Balboa to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Peruvian Nuevo SolPeruvian Nuevo Sol to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Papua New Guinean KinaPapua New Guinean Kina to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Philippine PesoPhilippine Peso to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Pakistani RupeePakistani Rupee to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Polish ZlotyPolish Zloty to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Paraguayan GuaraniParaguayan Guarani to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Qatari RialQatari Rial to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Romanian LeuRomanian Leu to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Serbian DinarSerbian Dinar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Russian RubleRussian Ruble to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Rwandan FrancRwandan Franc to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Saudi RiyalSaudi Riyal to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Solomon Islands DollarSolomon Islands Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Seychellois RupeeSeychellois Rupee to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Sudanese PoundSudanese Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Swedish KronaSwedish Krona to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Singapore DollarSingapore Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Saint Helena PoundSaint Helena Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Sierra Leonean LeoneSierra Leonean Leone to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Somali ShillingSomali Shilling to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Surinamese DollarSurinamese Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to South Sudanese PoundSouth Sudanese Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Sao Tome And Principe DobraSao Tome And Principe Dobra to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Salvadoran ColonSalvadoran Colon to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Syrian PoundSyrian Pound to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Swazi LilangeniSwazi Lilangeni to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Thai BahtThai Baht to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Tajikistani SomoniTajikistani Somoni to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Turkmenistani ManatTurkmenistani Manat to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Tunisian DinarTunisian Dinar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Tongan PaangaTongan Paanga to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Turkish LiraTurkish Lira to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Trinidad And Tobago DollarTrinidad And Tobago Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to New Taiwan DollarNew Taiwan Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Tanzanian ShillingTanzanian Shilling to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Ukrainian HryvniaUkrainian Hryvnia to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Ugandan ShillingUgandan Shilling to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to United States DollarUnited States Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Uruguayan PesoUruguayan Peso to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Uzbekistan SomUzbekistan Som to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Venezuelan Bolivar SoberanoVenezuelan Bolivar Soberano to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Vietnamese DongVietnamese Dong to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Vanuatu VatuVanuatu Vatu to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Samoan TalaSamoan Tala to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Cfa Franc BeacCfa Franc Beac to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Silver Troy OunceSilver Troy Ounce to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Gold Troy OunceGold Troy Ounce to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to East Caribbean DollarEast Caribbean Dollar to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Special Drawing RightsSpecial Drawing Rights to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Cfa Franc BceaoCfa Franc Bceao to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Palladium OuncePalladium Ounce to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Cfp FrancCfp Franc to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Platinum OuncePlatinum Ounce to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Yemeni RialYemeni Rial to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to South African RandSouth African Rand to Botswanan Pula
Botswanan Pula to Zambian KwachaZambian Kwacha to Botswanan Pula

FAQ on Botswanan Pula (BWP) to Manx Pound (IMP) Conversion:

What is the Symbol of Botswanan Pula and Manx Pound?

The symbol for Botswanan Pula is 'P', and for Manx Pounds, it is '£'. These symbols are used to denote in everyday currency analysis.

How to convert Botswanan Pula(s) to Manx Pound(es)?

To convert Botswanan Pula(s) to Manx Pound(es), multiply the number of Botswanan Pulas by 17.929265289369 because one Botswanan Pula equals 17.929265289369 Manx Pounds.
Formula: Manx Pounds = Botswanan Pulas × 17.929265289369.
This is a standard rule used in conversions.

How to convert Manx Pound(es) to Botswanan Pula(s) ?

To convert Manx Pound(es) to Botswanan Pula(s), divide the number of Manx Pounds by 17.929265289369, since, 1 Botswanan Pula contains exactly 17.929265289369 Manx Pound(es).
Formula: Botswanan Pulas = Manx Pound(s) ÷ 17.929265289369.
It’s a common calculation in conversions.

How many Botswanan Pula(s) are these in an Manx Pound(es) ?

There are 0.055774733870045 Botswanan Pulas in one Manx Pound. This is derived by dividing 1 Manx Pound by 17.929265289369, as 1 Botswanan Pula equals 17.929265289369 Manx Pound(s).
Formula: Botswanan Pula = Manx Pounds ÷ 17.929265289369.
It’s a precise currency conversion method.

How many Manx Pound(es) are these in an Botswanan Pula(s) ?

There are exactly 17.929265289369 Manx Pounds in one Botswanan Pula. This is a fixed value used in the measurement system.
Formula: Manx Pound(s) = Botswanan Pulas × 17.929265289369.
It's one of the most basic conversions.

How many Manx Pound in 10 Botswanan Pula?

There are 179.29265289369 Manx Pounds in 10 Botswanan Pulas. This is calculated by multiplying 10 by 17.929265289369.
Formula: 10 Botswanan Pulas × 17.929265289369 = 179.29265289369 Manx Pounds.
This conversion is helpful for measurements.

How many Manx Pound(s) in 50 Botswanan Pula?

There are 896.46326446846 Manx Pounds in 50 Botswanan Pulas. One can calculate it by multiplying 50 by 17.929265289369.
Formula: 50 Botswanan Pulas × 17.929265289369 = 896.46326446846 Manx Pounds.
This conversion is used in many applications.

How many Manx Pound(s) in 100 Botswanan Pula?

There are 1792.9265289369 Manx Pound(s) in 100 Botswanan Pulas. Multiply 100 by 17.929265289369 to get the result.
Formula: 100 Botswanan Pulas × 17.929265289369 = 1792.9265289369 Manx Pound(s).
This is a basic currency conversion formula.