Convert Albanian Lek (ALL) to Uzbekistan Som (UZS)

1 albanian_lek = 1 albanian_lek

Exchange rates last updated: November 13, 2025 08:00

Conversion Formula for Albanian Lek to Uzbekistan Som

The formula of conversion of Albanian Lek to Uzbekistan Som is very simple. To convert Albanian Lek to Uzbekistan Som, we can use this simple formula:

1 Albanian Lek = 0.0069612103 Uzbekistan Som

1 Uzbekistan Som = 143.6531796826 Albanian Lek

One Albanian Lek is equal to 0.0069612103 Uzbekistan Som. So, we need to multiply the number of Albanian Lek by 0.0069612103 to get the no of Uzbekistan Som. This formula helps when we need to change the measurements from Albanian Lek to Uzbekistan Som

Albanian Lek to Uzbekistan Som Conversion

The conversion of Albanian Lek currency to Uzbekistan Som currency is very simple. Since, as discussed above, One Albanian Lek is equal to 0.0069612103 Uzbekistan Som. So, to convert Albanian Lek to Uzbekistan Som, we must multiply no of Albanian Lek to 0.0069612103. Example:-

Albanian Lek Uzbekistan Som
0.01 Albanian Lek 0.0000696121 Uzbekistan Som
0.1 Albanian Lek 0.000696121 Uzbekistan Som
1 Albanian Lek 0.0069612103 Uzbekistan Som
2 Albanian Lek 0.0139224207 Uzbekistan Som
3 Albanian Lek 0.020883631 Uzbekistan Som
5 Albanian Lek 0.0348060517 Uzbekistan Som
10 Albanian Lek 0.0696121034 Uzbekistan Som
20 Albanian Lek 0.1392242068 Uzbekistan Som
50 Albanian Lek 0.3480605171 Uzbekistan Som
100 Albanian Lek 0.6961210342 Uzbekistan Som
500 Albanian Lek 3.4806051708 Uzbekistan Som
1,000 Albanian Lek 6.9612103415 Uzbekistan Som

Details for Albanian Lek (ALL) Currency

Introduction : The Albanian Lek (ALL) is the official currency of Albania and a key symbol of the country's economic identity. Introduced in 1926, the Lek has evolved through different political and economic periods, reflecting Albania's journey from monarchy to communism, and now a parliamentary democracy. The currency is subdivided into 100 qindarka, though coins of qindarka are no longer in active use. The Bank of Albania manages and issues the currency, aiming to ensure monetary stability and support economic growth. In everyday life, the Lek is used across all sectors, from small local markets to formal banking institutions.

History & Origin : The Albanian Lek was first introduced in 1926 during King Zog I’s rule, named in honor of Alexander the Great, whose name is ‘Leka’ in Albanian. It originally replaced the gold franc as Albania’s currency. Over the decades, the Lek has witnessed multiple reforms and redenominations, particularly during the communist regime when economic isolation and centralized planning dominated national policy. After the fall of communism in the early 1990s, Albania adopted a market-based economy and the Lek became more stable, though still subject to inflation and fluctuations. Today, the Bank of Albania plays a critical role in managing the currency, issuing updated banknotes with modern security features and national symbolism.

Current Use : The Albanian Lek is used for all financial transactions in Albania, from public transportation fares to business contracts. Although the euro is sometimes accepted informally, especially in tourist areas and border regions, the Lek remains the legal tender and the backbone of the country’s financial system. The currency supports Albania’s growing sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and services. The increasing adoption of digital banking and contactless payments has also expanded the Lek’s role in e-commerce and fintech innovation. As Albania pursues further integration with the European Union, the Lek continues to serve as a stabilizing force in its evolving economy.

Details of Albania

Albania is a small yet culturally rich country in Southeastern Europe, located on the Balkan Peninsula and bordered by Montenegro, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Greece. It has a long Adriatic and Ionian coastline, with pristine beaches, ancient ruins, and scenic mountains that make it a growing tourist destination.

Albania's history spans back to ancient Illyrian tribes and includes influences from the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans. The country declared independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, followed by a monarchy, a communist dictatorship, and finally a transition to democracy in the early 1990s. Today, Albania is a parliamentary republic and a candidate for European Union membership.

The capital city, Tirana, is the political, economic, and cultural heart of the country. It’s known for its colorful buildings, lively atmosphere, and historic landmarks. Other cities such as Shkodër, Durrës, and Berat offer a blend of modern life and rich heritage. Berat and Gjirokastër are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, celebrated for their well-preserved Ottoman-era architecture.

Albania’s population is known for its hospitality, strong family values, and multilingual abilities. The Albanian language, with its unique Indo-European roots, is the official tongue, and religions such as Islam, Christianity, and Bektashism coexist peacefully. Traditional music, dance, and cuisine remain central to Albanian identity.

In recent years, Albania has invested heavily in infrastructure, tourism, and education. Its economy is growing steadily, driven by remittances, foreign investment, and development aid. The nation continues to work toward EU standards, striving for improved governance, sustainability, and modernization, while proudly preserving its natural landscapes and ancient traditions.

Details for Uzbekistan Som (UZS) Currency

Introduction : The Uzbekistan Som (UZS), often written as so'm, is the official currency of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Uzbekistan, the som is divided into 100 tiyins, although due to inflation, tiyins are rarely used today. The currency plays a central role in the country’s economy, serving all commercial, governmental, and personal financial activities. As Uzbekistan continues its path of economic reform and modernization, the som represents both national sovereignty and the evolving financial identity of a nation transitioning from a Soviet-style system to a market-based economy.

History & Origin : The modern Uzbekistan Som was introduced on July 1, 1994, replacing the transitional currency also called som, which had been introduced after Uzbekistan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The original som was meant to serve as a temporary currency during the early years of independence. The introduction of the new som marked a significant shift in the country’s monetary policy and a step toward financial independence. Over time, inflation and economic reform necessitated updates to banknotes, and in 2017, a redenomination was proposed but not implemented. The Central Bank continues to modernize currency design, improve security features, and support the digital economy.

Current Use : The Uzbekistan Som is used nationwide for all forms of financial exchange including trade, government payments, wages, and daily consumer transactions. Though cash is still widely used, especially in rural areas, Uzbekistan has rapidly embraced digital banking and mobile payment platforms. Reforms have helped liberalize the exchange rate, allowing for better integration into global financial markets. While the som is not widely accepted outside the country, it is the exclusive legal tender within Uzbekistan. Ongoing government initiatives aim to strengthen monetary policy and promote a stable, inflation-controlled environment, ensuring that the som remains a reliable instrument for economic development.

Details of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is a landlocked country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest. It is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world. The capital and largest city, Tashkent, is a vibrant metropolis known for its mix of Soviet architecture and Islamic heritage.

Historically, Uzbekistan was a vital part of the Silk Road, the ancient trade route that connected China to the Mediterranean. Cities like Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva are UNESCO World Heritage Sites known for their stunning Islamic architecture and cultural significance. These cities were centers of learning, trade, and innovation during the Islamic Golden Age.

Uzbekistan gained independence in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since then, the country has made gradual progress toward political and economic reform. It operates as a presidential republic, and recent leadership under President Shavkat Mirziyoyev has introduced a wave of modernization initiatives, encouraging foreign investment, improving human rights, and expanding regional diplomacy.

The economy of Uzbekistan is driven by natural resources, including gold, natural gas, cotton, and uranium. Agriculture plays a significant role, employing a large part of the population, though industrial production and services are rapidly growing. Efforts are ongoing to diversify the economy, develop tourism, and create a favorable environment for entrepreneurs.

Uzbek culture is rich and deeply rooted in traditions influenced by Turkic, Persian, Russian, and Islamic civilizations. Uzbek is the official language, and Islam is the predominant religion. Traditional music, crafts, and cuisine remain important elements of daily life. With its historical depth, youthful population, and reform-oriented agenda, Uzbekistan is emerging as a dynamic nation with great potential in the heart of Central Asia.

Convert Albanian Lek to Other Currencies

Albanian Lek to United Arab Emirates DirhamUnited Arab Emirates Dirham to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Afghan AfghaniAfghan Afghani to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Armenian DramArmenian Dram to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Netherlands Antillean GuilderNetherlands Antillean Guilder to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Angolan KwanzaAngolan Kwanza to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Argentine PesoArgentine Peso to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Australian DollarAustralian Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Aruban FlorinAruban Florin to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Azerbaijani ManatAzerbaijani Manat to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Bosnia Herzegovina Convertible MarkBosnia Herzegovina Convertible Mark to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Barbadian DollarBarbadian Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Bangladeshi TakaBangladeshi Taka to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Bulgarian LevBulgarian Lev to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Bahraini DinarBahraini Dinar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Burundian FrancBurundian Franc to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Bermudan DollarBermudan Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Brunei DollarBrunei Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Bolivian BolivianoBolivian Boliviano to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Brazilian RealBrazilian Real to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Bahamian DollarBahamian Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Bhutanese NgultrumBhutanese Ngultrum to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Botswanan PulaBotswanan Pula to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Belarusian RubleBelarusian Ruble to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Belize DollarBelize Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Canadian DollarCanadian Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Congolese FrancCongolese Franc to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Swiss FrancSwiss Franc to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Chilean Unit Of Account UfChilean Unit Of Account Uf to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Chilean PesoChilean Peso to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Chinese Yuan OffshoreChinese Yuan Offshore to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Chinese YuanChinese Yuan to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Colombian PesoColombian Peso to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Costa Rican ColonCosta Rican Colon to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Cuban Convertible PesoCuban Convertible Peso to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Cuban PesoCuban Peso to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Cape Verdean EscudoCape Verdean Escudo to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Czech Republic KorunaCzech Republic Koruna to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Djiboutian FrancDjiboutian Franc to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Danish KroneDanish Krone to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Dominican PesoDominican Peso to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Algerian DinarAlgerian Dinar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Egyptian PoundEgyptian Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Eritrean NakfaEritrean Nakfa to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Ethiopian BirrEthiopian Birr to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to EuroEuro to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Fijian DollarFijian Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Falkland Islands PoundFalkland Islands Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to British Pound SterlingBritish Pound Sterling to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Georgian LariGeorgian Lari to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Guernsey PoundGuernsey Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Ghanaian CediGhanaian Cedi to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Gibraltar PoundGibraltar Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Gambian DalasiGambian Dalasi to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Guinean FrancGuinean Franc to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Guatemalan QuetzalGuatemalan Quetzal to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Guyanaese DollarGuyanaese Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Hong Kong DollarHong Kong Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Honduran LempiraHonduran Lempira to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Haitian GourdeHaitian Gourde to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Hungarian ForintHungarian Forint to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Indonesian RupiahIndonesian Rupiah to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Israeli New SheqelIsraeli New Sheqel to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Manx PoundManx Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Indian RupeeIndian Rupee to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Iraqi DinarIraqi Dinar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Iranian RialIranian Rial to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Icelandic KronaIcelandic Krona to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Jersey PoundJersey Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Jamaican DollarJamaican Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Jordanian DinarJordanian Dinar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Japanese YenJapanese Yen to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Kenyan ShillingKenyan Shilling to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Kyrgystani SomKyrgystani Som to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Cambodian RielCambodian Riel to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Comorian FrancComorian Franc to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to North Korean WonNorth Korean Won to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to South Korean WonSouth Korean Won to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Kuwaiti DinarKuwaiti Dinar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Cayman Islands DollarCayman Islands Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Kazakhstani TengeKazakhstani Tenge to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Laotian KipLaotian Kip to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Lebanese PoundLebanese Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Sri Lankan RupeeSri Lankan Rupee to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Liberian DollarLiberian Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Lesotho LotiLesotho Loti to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Libyan DinarLibyan Dinar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Moroccan DirhamMoroccan Dirham to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Moldovan LeuMoldovan Leu to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Malagasy AriaryMalagasy Ariary to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Macedonian DenarMacedonian Denar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Myanma KyatMyanma Kyat to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Mongolian TugrikMongolian Tugrik to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Macanese PatacaMacanese Pataca to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Mauritanian OuguiyaMauritanian Ouguiya to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Mauritian RupeeMauritian Rupee to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Maldivian RufiyaaMaldivian Rufiyaa to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Malawian KwachaMalawian Kwacha to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Mexican PesoMexican Peso to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Malaysian RinggitMalaysian Ringgit to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Mozambican MeticalMozambican Metical to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Namibian DollarNamibian Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Nigerian NairaNigerian Naira to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Nicaraguan CordobaNicaraguan Cordoba to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Norwegian KroneNorwegian Krone to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Nepalese RupeeNepalese Rupee to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to New Zealand DollarNew Zealand Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Omani RialOmani Rial to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Panamanian BalboaPanamanian Balboa to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Peruvian Nuevo SolPeruvian Nuevo Sol to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Papua New Guinean KinaPapua New Guinean Kina to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Philippine PesoPhilippine Peso to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Pakistani RupeePakistani Rupee to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Polish ZlotyPolish Zloty to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Paraguayan GuaraniParaguayan Guarani to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Qatari RialQatari Rial to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Romanian LeuRomanian Leu to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Serbian DinarSerbian Dinar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Russian RubleRussian Ruble to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Rwandan FrancRwandan Franc to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Saudi RiyalSaudi Riyal to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Solomon Islands DollarSolomon Islands Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Seychellois RupeeSeychellois Rupee to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Sudanese PoundSudanese Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Swedish KronaSwedish Krona to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Singapore DollarSingapore Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Saint Helena PoundSaint Helena Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Sierra Leonean LeoneSierra Leonean Leone to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Somali ShillingSomali Shilling to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Surinamese DollarSurinamese Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to South Sudanese PoundSouth Sudanese Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Sao Tome And Principe DobraSao Tome And Principe Dobra to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Salvadoran ColonSalvadoran Colon to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Syrian PoundSyrian Pound to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Swazi LilangeniSwazi Lilangeni to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Thai BahtThai Baht to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Tajikistani SomoniTajikistani Somoni to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Turkmenistani ManatTurkmenistani Manat to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Tunisian DinarTunisian Dinar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Tongan PaangaTongan Paanga to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Turkish LiraTurkish Lira to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Trinidad And Tobago DollarTrinidad And Tobago Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to New Taiwan DollarNew Taiwan Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Tanzanian ShillingTanzanian Shilling to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Ukrainian HryvniaUkrainian Hryvnia to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Ugandan ShillingUgandan Shilling to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to United States DollarUnited States Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Uruguayan PesoUruguayan Peso to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Uzbekistan SomUzbekistan Som to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Venezuelan Bolivar SoberanoVenezuelan Bolivar Soberano to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Vietnamese DongVietnamese Dong to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Vanuatu VatuVanuatu Vatu to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Samoan TalaSamoan Tala to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Cfa Franc BeacCfa Franc Beac to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Silver Troy OunceSilver Troy Ounce to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Gold Troy OunceGold Troy Ounce to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to East Caribbean DollarEast Caribbean Dollar to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Special Drawing RightsSpecial Drawing Rights to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Cfa Franc BceaoCfa Franc Bceao to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Palladium OuncePalladium Ounce to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Cfp FrancCfp Franc to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Platinum OuncePlatinum Ounce to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Yemeni RialYemeni Rial to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to South African RandSouth African Rand to Albanian Lek
Albanian Lek to Zambian KwachaZambian Kwacha to Albanian Lek

FAQ on Albanian Lek (ALL) to Uzbekistan Som (UZS) Conversion:

What is the Symbol of Albanian Lek and Uzbekistan Som?

The symbol for Albanian Lek is 'L', and for Uzbekistan Soms, it is 'so'm'. These symbols are used to denote in everyday currency analysis.

How to convert Albanian Lek(s) to Uzbekistan Som(es)?

To convert Albanian Lek(s) to Uzbekistan Som(es), multiply the number of Albanian Leks by 0.0069612103415272 because one Albanian Lek equals 0.0069612103415272 Uzbekistan Soms.
Formula: Uzbekistan Soms = Albanian Leks × 0.0069612103415272.
This is a standard rule used in conversions.

How to convert Uzbekistan Som(es) to Albanian Lek(s) ?

To convert Uzbekistan Som(es) to Albanian Lek(s), divide the number of Uzbekistan Soms by 0.0069612103415272, since, 1 Albanian Lek contains exactly 0.0069612103415272 Uzbekistan Som(es).
Formula: Albanian Leks = Uzbekistan Som(s) ÷ 0.0069612103415272.
It’s a common calculation in conversions.

How many Albanian Lek(s) are these in an Uzbekistan Som(es) ?

There are 143.65317968263 Albanian Leks in one Uzbekistan Som. This is derived by dividing 1 Uzbekistan Som by 0.0069612103415272, as 1 Albanian Lek equals 0.0069612103415272 Uzbekistan Som(s).
Formula: Albanian Lek = Uzbekistan Soms ÷ 0.0069612103415272.
It’s a precise currency conversion method.

How many Uzbekistan Som(es) are these in an Albanian Lek(s) ?

There are exactly 0.0069612103415272 Uzbekistan Soms in one Albanian Lek. This is a fixed value used in the measurement system.
Formula: Uzbekistan Som(s) = Albanian Leks × 0.0069612103415272.
It's one of the most basic conversions.

How many Uzbekistan Som in 10 Albanian Lek?

There are 0.069612103415272 Uzbekistan Soms in 10 Albanian Leks. This is calculated by multiplying 10 by 0.0069612103415272.
Formula: 10 Albanian Leks × 0.0069612103415272 = 0.069612103415272 Uzbekistan Soms.
This conversion is helpful for measurements.

How many Uzbekistan Som(s) in 50 Albanian Lek?

There are 0.34806051707636 Uzbekistan Soms in 50 Albanian Leks. One can calculate it by multiplying 50 by 0.0069612103415272.
Formula: 50 Albanian Leks × 0.0069612103415272 = 0.34806051707636 Uzbekistan Soms.
This conversion is used in many applications.

How many Uzbekistan Som(s) in 100 Albanian Lek?

There are 0.69612103415272 Uzbekistan Som(s) in 100 Albanian Leks. Multiply 100 by 0.0069612103415272 to get the result.
Formula: 100 Albanian Leks × 0.0069612103415272 = 0.69612103415272 Uzbekistan Som(s).
This is a basic currency conversion formula.